Mass Crimes in Kars (1920-1921) and Smyrna (1922) – Eyewitness Testimony

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2025.14.15

Keywords:

Kars, Smyrna, Genocide, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Armenians, Greeks

Abstract

The article presents and analyzes the anti-Armenian policies of the Turkish military and political leadership in Kars (1920-1921) and Smyrna (1922). The systematic killings of the unarmed population were marked by extreme brutality, including mass rapes and ritualized murders. Data is combined from ethnographic fieldwork, materials from the National Archives of Armenia, memoirs, and
manuscript records from the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute.

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Published

27.07.2025

Issue

Vol. 14 (2025): HISTORIA I ŚWIAT ISSN: 2299-2464 e-ISSN: 2956-6436

Section

ACTA HISTORICA

License

Copyright (c) 2025 Authors

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

MARTOYAN, T., & HAKHOYAN, V. (2025). Mass Crimes in Kars (1920-1921) and Smyrna (1922) – Eyewitness Testimony. Historia I Świat, 14, 243–266. https://doi.org/10.34739/his.2025.14.15